Fiber-optic cable terminal connector and alignment device and method

ABSTRACT

A system of reflectors is used to form a beam-expanding and collimating terminus and coupler for fiber-optic cables. Preferably, the reflector system is of the Cassegrainian or Ritchey-Chretien type. Alignment of optical conductors or “cores” of fiber-optic cables is provided by coupling a magnetic member to one core end and applying a controllable magnetic field from outside of the terminus to move the core into alignment position, and then fixing the core in place by the use of means such as light-curable epoxy resin. Use of this process in termini, couplers and splices is described.

[0001] Priority is claimed in this patent application from a provisional patent application entitled PROJECT CASTLE, Serial No. 60/267,544, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Feb. 9, 2001.

[0002] This invention relates to fiber-optic cable, and particularly to termini, connectors, alignment devices and optical systems and methods for terminating and connecting fiber-optic cable.

[0003] Providing suitable end termini and connectors for connecting two fiber-optic cables together long has been a demanding problem. The problem has been exacerbated by the prevalent use of single-mode fiber-optic light conductors of an extremely small diameter, such as 8 micrometers (0.008 millimeters). To align the cables accurately usually is a time-consuming and exacting process.

[0004] Standard commercial butt-joint type single-mode fiber-optic connectors suffer from numerous problems. First, they are relatively delicate, sensitive to dirt, difficult to clean, and easily damaged. The problems are even greater with multi-channel connectors which must function in a hostile environment.

[0005] In the past, various proposals have been made to improve such prior connectors. Included are proposals to use expanded-beam type connectors. Such connectors use different types of lenses to collimate and spread the beam of light emitted from the optical conductor. Then, an identical lens system is used to terminate another cable end to be coupled to the first cable, and the two termini are connected together. The second lens system re-focuses the beam on the second optical conductor so as to transmit the signal through the second cable.

[0006] The optical systems used in such prior expanded-beam connectors include spherical lenses, “GRIN” lenses (graded index lenses) and molded aspheric lenses to expand and collimate the light beam.

[0007] The advantages of such expanded beam connectors includes minimizing the sensitivity to lateral misalignment and to the size of the gap between the ends of the optical conductors.

[0008] However, prior expanded beam connectors and techniques suffer from several problems. Such problems include relatively high optical losses and high cost. In fact, the cost has been considered to be prohibitive for many commercial applications. Furthermore, it is believed that the prior designs are relatively difficult or even impossible to be installed correctly in the field; that is, outside of a factory, laboratory, or other such facility.

[0009] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a terminus, connector and alignment device and method which overcome or alleviate the foregoing problems.

[0010] More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide an expanded-beam type terminus and connector and alignment device and method which overcome or reduce the problems experienced with prior expanded beam devices.

[0011] In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a fiber-optic cable terminus and connector which has as many of the following favorable attributes as possible: low cost; low loss; low back-reflection; small size; ruggedness; insensitivity to dirt; ease of cleaning; capability of being installed in the field; high optical power throughput capability; suitability for use in hostile environments; and capable of being standardized.

[0012] It is also an object of the invention to provide such a device and method capable of operating with single mode optical conductors; with multi-channel cable; is relatively non-dichroic; and preserves polarization of the light being conducted.

[0013] It is another object of the invention to provide an integrated multiple-reflector optical device for expanding and collimating light beams and particularly fiber-optic cable light beams.

[0014] In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objects are met by the provision of a fiber-optic cable terminus, connector and alignment device and method as follows.

[0015] A terminus having a first reflector for reflecting the beam received from one optical conductor is provided. A second reflector reflects the beams from the first reflector to form expanded and collimated light beams.

[0016] Preferably, the system of reflectors is like that in a Cassegrainian or Ritchey-Chretien reflecting telescope system. Such systems have been used for many years in the field of astronomy. Applicants have recognized that, even though the telescope systems usually are very large and expensive, the small devices used in this invention can be made relatively inexpensively. The use of reflectors or mirrors rather than lenses tends to minimize the effects of refraction which so often increases the difficulty in the optical design process for the usual prior art proposals for beam-expanding connectors.

[0017] The resulting optical system is very compact, relatively amenable to standardization and inexpensive to manufacture.

[0018] In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the problem of aligning light conductors in fiber-optic cables is substantially alleviated by providing a magnetically permeable element adjacent to the optical conductor, applying a magnetic field to the magnetically permeable member, and controlling the field to move and align the conductor. Movement in at least two orthogonal axes is preferred.

[0019] Preferably, proper alignment is tested by passing a signal through the cable and a second cable, and determining when the signal transmission is maximized.

[0020] The optical conductor is then fixed in position. Preferably, this is done by injecting a radiation-curable plastic material such as epoxy resin into the area surrounding the conductor end, and irradiating it to harden the epoxy when the alignment is correct. Specifically, an embodiment of the invention uses light-curable epoxy resin. Light is directed to the epoxy to perform the curing.

[0021] It also is preferred that the magnetic field source be one for developing a rotating magnetic field which rotates around the optical conductor end, with an electrical network being provided to control the field. This allows movement of the effective center of the magnetic field, and precise positioning of the conductor end.

[0022] It also is preferable that the magnetically permeable member be approximately toroidal or cylindrical, with a frustro-conical inlet to the central opening to guide the conducting fiber into the central opening during installation.

[0023] The invention also provides a compact integrated optical device for spreading and collimating light. A block of transparent material such as glass or plastic, is provided with surfaces shaped to form reflectors of the size, shape and position desired and then those surfaces are coated with a reflecting material such as metal. This can be done at a reasonable cost by vapor deposition, sputtering, etc.

[0024] The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in or apparent from the following description and drawings.

[0025] IN THE DRAWINGS:

[0026]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a fiber-optic cable terminus constructed in accordance with the present invention;

[0027]FIG. 2 is a perspective schematic view of a system and method for aligning the optical conductor of the cable shown in FIG. 1;

[0028]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an electrical and magnetic circuit arrangement for use in aligning the optical conductor shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0029]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional, side elevation and schematic view of one embodiment of the expanded beam coupling device of the present invention;

[0030]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view, partially schematic, of a completed coupler coupling the ends of two fiber-optic cables together;

[0031]FIG. 6 is a perspective exploded view of a multi-channel fiber-optic cable terminus constructed in accordance with the present invention;

[0032]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the assembled device shown in FIG. 6;

[0033]FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional and partially schematic view of another embodiment of the alignment device and method of the present invention;

[0034]FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the alignment apparatus and method of the present invention;

[0035]FIG. 10 is a schematic optical diagram of the light ray paths in another embodiment of the connector and terminus of the present invention;

[0036]FIG. 11 is a perspective view corresponding to the side elevation view of FIG. 10; and

[0037]FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the preferred coupler of the invention;

[0038]FIGS. 13 and 14 are, respectively, cross-sectional views taken along lines 13-13 and 14-14 of FIG. 12; and

[0039]FIGS. 15 through 17 are partially schematic cross-sectional views illustrating the manufacture of one of the termini shown in FIG. 12.

Terminus

[0040]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a fiber-optic cable terminus 20 constructed in accordance with the present invention.

[0041] Terminus 20 includes a standard ceramic ferrule 22 with a relatively large bore 21 which tapers down at 23 to form a substantially smaller fiber conductor passageway 32.

[0042] Fitted into the ferrule is the end of a fiber-optic cable 24 including a light-conducting single-mode fiber 30 extending through the passageway 32, and cladding 28 having an index of refraction different from that of the light-conducting core 30, and, finally, an outer protective coating 26. Typical dimensions for the cable are: The outer diameter of the cable with the coating 26 is 250 micrometers; the diameter of the cable without the coating 26 is 125 micrometers; and the diameter of the light-conducting fiber or core 30 is 8 micrometers.

[0043] The dimensions of the cable are small; especially the diameter of the core, which has a diameter of only 0.008 millimeters (around 0.0003 inches). Thus, it is difficult to properly align the end of the core 30 in the terminus 20 with the core in another cable to be coupled with the cable 24.

[0044] Attached at the right end of the ferrule 22 is a reflector mounting structure 34. A reflector unit 40 is attached to the mounting structure 34. A soft plastic cushioning pad 48 is secured to the right hand surface of the reflector unit 40. It cushions the terminus against damage, and covers and protects the central reflector on the end of the unit 40.

[0045] The reflector mounting structure 34 has a central cavity 37 in which is located a torroidal member 38 made of magnetically permeable material, such as iron, iron-nickel alloys, etc. Comparable in size to a magnetic core memory element such as those used in magnetic core memories for many years.

[0046] The cavity 37 has an outlet opening 39. The light conductor or core element 30 extends through the center of the torroid 38 to a point abutting or near to the left hand surface 44 of the reflector unit 40.

[0047] The reflector unit 40 preferably is a solid transparent glass or plastic body member with a coating of metal (e.g., gold) or a dielectric coating on the curved left surface and the recessed right-hand central portion of the unit at 42. Thus, the reflector unit has a first small reflector 42 of a size sufficient to intercept all or substantially all of the light rays emitted from the conductor 30. The small reflector 42 is either flat or curved, and is tilted at an angle so that the light it receives is reflected backwardly to the large reflecting surface 44. Because of the angle of tilt of the reflector 42 and the curvature of the reflector 44, the light from the core is formed into a circular bundle of parallel (collimated) light rays 46-47 which extend parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ferrule towards the right in FIG. 1.

[0048] Although the preferred embodiment of the invention is described using single mode fiber, the invention also is useful with multi-mode fiber cables.

[0049] Gold is only one example of a metal which can be used to coat the curved surfaces of the transparent block to form reflectors. Other metals, such as silver, aluminum, etc., also can be used. Dielectric materials can be used instead of metals, if desired.

[0050] The particular reflector unit 40 shown in FIG. 1 is a Ritchey-Chretien type of optical unit, which will be explained, in principle in connection with FIGS. 10 and 11 below.

[0051] However, the preferred embodiment of the invention uses a Cassegrainian type of optical unit, which is shown in FIG. 4 and will be explained next.

Cassegrainian Optical System

[0052]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing two identical Cassegrainian reflector units 41 a and 41 b which are mated together face-to-face, by way of flat transparent plates 64 and 66, to form the basic optical units of one embodiment of the connector of the present invention. Light is emitted from the core 30 of the cable 24 and, through the optical coupling structure, to the core 33 of a second cable 31, thus providing a fiber-optic cable connector. Certain parts of the structure, including that used to mechanically secure the two halves of the coupler together, are omitted from FIG. 4 for the sake of clarity in the drawings.

[0053] Each of the two reflector units 41 a and 41 b is identical to the other, so that the same reference numerals are used for corresponding parts.

[0054] Each unit includes a small convex reflector 45 and a large concave reflector 43.

[0055] The small reflector 45 is made just large enough so as to intercept all or substantially all of the light rays 57 emitted from the core 30. The curvatures of the two reflectors 45 and 43 are predetermined so that each ray of light is reflected from the first reflector 45 onto the second reflector 43 and then exits the unit 41 a along parallel lines 49, 51 and 53, for example, thus collimating the light.

[0056] In a classical Cassegrainian reflector system, the large or “primary” reflector 43 is a paraboloid and the small reflector 45 is a hyperboloid. However, the surfaces of the two reflectors can have any other shape which produces the desired results.

[0057] The light from the core 30 of the cable 24 enters the reflection unit 41(a) through a hole 30 in the primary reflector 43 on the axis of rotation 77 of the paraboloid or other surface of rotation forming the reflector.

[0058] The collimated light rays then are received by the reflector 43 of the second reflector unit 41 b and are reflected back to the reflector 45 and are transmitted through an aperture 33 a in the reflector 43 a on the axis 77 and are focused at the end of the second core 33. Thus, the light is transmitted to the second cable 31.

[0059] Advantageously, each of the units 41 a and 41 b is made by a relatively simple process.

[0060] First, the body is machined or molded out of transparent optical glass or plastic with the curved surfaces at the two reflector locations, 43 and 45. The glass or plastic has an index of refraction which is closely matched to that of the core 30. The solid material of the two units 41 a and 41 b is indicated by the reference numerals 55 in FIG. 4. Then, the outside surfaces at 45 and 43 are coated with a metal, such as gold, by a process such as vapor deposition or sputtering, to form the reflectors. This process produces small, sturdy, accurate integrated reflector units at a relatively modest cost.

[0061] Clear plastic or glass plates 64 and 66 then are attached to the flat surfaces of the reflector bodies 41 a and 41 b, respectively, by the use of an adhesive, such as an index-matching transparent epoxy. This is done so that the mating surfaces at 68 can be made extremely flat and thus virtually eliminate the possibility of angular skew of the two units 41 a and 41 b with respect to one another.

[0062] Alternatively, the two termini can be aligned by use of the optical method described elsewhere herein, and the plates 64 and 66 can be eliminated.

[0063] A modification of the foregoing is one in which holes are formed in the blocks 41 a and 41 b along the optical axis 77 with the end of the light conductor 30 inserted into the hole. This enables adjustment of position of the end of the light conductor closer to the reflector 45. If this modification is used, the diameter of the hole should be made large enough to permit movement of the conductor 30 for alignment purposes.

Coupler

[0064]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a coupler 59 similar to the one shown schematically in FIG. 4. The two reflector units 41 a and 41 b are secured to mounting blocks 71 and 73, respectively. Preferably, the blocks 71 and 73 are molded of opaque plastic or glass material. The body 71 has a frustro-conical cable entrance opening 70, and the block 73 has a cable entry opening 70 identical to the one in block 71. The frustro-conical openings ease the entry of the cables into the connector.

[0065] The cable 24 includes the protective coating 26, the cladding 28, and the core 30. The cable 31 includes the outside protective coating 61, cladding 35 and the core 33.

[0066] Each of the bodies 71 and 73 has a circumferential groove 72 adapted to receive the sharp inwardly-extending edges 74 of a clasp 75 which holds the two halves of the coupler 59 together. The clasp 75 is one of a number of different well-known devices for holding the two halves of a fiber-optic coupler together. Any of such other devices can be used, in accordance with the present invention, since the clasp or other securing structure does not form a part of the invention claimed herein.

[0067] It is preferred that the plates 64 and 66 be replaced with the bumpers 48, and that the alignment method described below be used to align the cable cores.

[0068] It also should be understood that the cable terminus 20 shown in FIG. 1 normally will be used as part of a cable coupler consisting of another terminus 20 connected to another cable, and a clasp or other securing structure to fasten the terminus structures together.

[0069] Because the coupler spreads the light beam passing through the tiny light conductor 30 so very much, the sensitivity of the coupler to alignment errors in a lateral direction (e.g., vertically or perpendicular to the drawing in FIG. 4) is greatly reduced. By accurately collimating the light, the sensitivity to errors in the distance separating the two coupler halves is virtually eliminated Moreover, the grave disadvantages in using a lens or other refracting device to spread and collimate the light are largely eliminated.

Alignment Device and Method

[0070]FIGS. 2, 3 and 9 show one embodiment of the alignment device and method of the present invention.

[0071]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a rotary magnetic field-developing and control device 58 used to create and control a rotating magnetic field around the torroidal magnetic element 38 inside the terminus 20.

[0072] As it can be seen in FIG. 1, there is substantial amount of space between the element 38 and the walls of its cavity 37 so that it can be moved from side-to-side in essentially any radial direction in order to align the optical conductor 30 with a target such as another fiber-optic conductor in another cable.

[0073] The rotary field developing device is of a structure conventional for forming rotating magnetic fields for use in electric motors, with some exceptions. Four pole pieces EM1, EM2, EM3 and EM4 are spaced at equal angular intervals about the magnetic member 38. Basically, each of the pole pieces is located 90° from its neighbor. A cosine signal generator 60 supplies a voltage with a cosine wave form to the windings as shown, through diodes D1 and D3 and resistors R1 and R3.

[0074] A sine wave signal generator 62 is provided and supplies sine wave voltage through diodes D2 and D4 and resistors R2 and R4 to the windings as shown. This creates a magnetic field which rotates about a center point.

[0075] Each of the four resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 is separately variable so as to enable the signal supplied to each of the pole pieces to be varied in magnitude so as to move the effective center point or neutral flux point of the rotating magnetic field.

[0076]FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the light conductor or core 30 extending through the center of the magnetic element 38. The cable 24 is clamped in a clamping device comprising a V-groove support member 98 (FIG. 9) and a clamp 102 to hold the cable 24 in a given position. The markings 56 in FIG. 2 indicate schematically that the cable 24 is held in place. The pole pieces of the rotary field device 58, shown in FIG. 3, are represented schematically at 110 in FIG. 9. They surround the right end of the terminus 20 with the magnetic member 38 located in the center as shown in FIG. 3.

[0077] The cable and the light conductor 30 can be moved along the Z-axis; that is, in the directions indicated by arrow 54, by means of a standard micrometer adjustment mechanism provided in existing alignment devices. The Z-axis positioning is not critical. However, positioning along the X and Y-axes shown in FIG. 2 is.

[0078] The circular arrow 52 in FIG. 2 indicates the direction in which the magnetic field rotates around the member 38. The lines 50 in that Figure illustrate the lines of force of the magnetic field at a particular moment during its rotation.

[0079] Referring again to FIG. 9, the control unit 124 contains the circuitry shown in FIG. 3 and supplies signals to the windings represented at 110. It has four knobs 125, each of which controls one of the four variable resistors of the circuit. By this means, the balance of the field can be modified so as to move the torroid 38 to virtually any position within the cavity 37 in the X-Y plane shown in FIG. 2.

[0080] As it is shown in FIG. 9, a second V-groove support block 100 supports a second terminus 20 a terminating a second cable 25. The cable 25 is held in place by a clamp 104.

[0081] Referring again to FIG. 1, the reflector base unit 34 has a hole 36 which allows the injection of an uncured epoxy resin into the chamber 37 to completely surround the magnetic torroid 38 and the end of the optical fiber conductor. A hypodermic needle type of applicator can be used for this purpose.

[0082] Referring again to FIG. 9, a light signal generator 120 is provided to send a test signal through the cable 24 to the terminus 20. The left end of the terminus 20 a supported on the block is shown in abutment with the right end of the terminus 20. However, the termini can be separated by a significant distance, without creating any significant error, due to the fact that the light transmitted between them is collimated. The resulting signal transmitted through the two cables is delivered to a receiver 122 which converts the signal into representative electrical signals indicating the magnitude of the signal transmitted.

[0083] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the viscous epoxy injected into the terminus 20 is curable by means of outside radiant energy. In this case, the epoxy preferably is a light-curable epoxy, such as that made by the Loctite Company, as well as by others. The epoxy is selected to have an index of refraction closely matching that of the core 30 and the glass or plastic mirror body.

[0084] Still referring to FIG. 9, a light source 118 of the proper wave length is provided to shine light on the area near the right end of the terminus 20, or on the outlet end of the terminus. The transparent housing and/or the optical system itself transmits the light to the epoxy resin.

[0085] The rotary field developing device in the unit 124 is energized, as is the signal generator 120 and the receiver 122. By adjustment of the resistors R1-R4 by use of the knobs 125, the core 30 of the cable 24 can be properly aligned with the core of the cable 25 shown in FIG. 9. The proper alignment will be detected as the position in which the signal received by the receiver is at a maximum. When this point is reached, further adjustment is stopped, and the light from the light source 118 is used to cure the epoxy resin and fix the position of the core. The alignment then is complete.

[0086] Preferably, the light-curable epoxy resin has a relatively low viscosity at the start of the alignment procedure and thickens (increases in viscosity) during the procedure, usually requiring a few seconds to cure completely. Advantageously, the larger adjusting movements are most likely to be needed early in the curing process when viscosity is low, and finer adjustments later. Thus, curing of the epoxy and alignment can proceed simultaneously to speed the alignment process.

[0087] Preferably, the alignment procedure can be automated by use of a closed-loop control system and a computer programmed to use an algorithm that automatically adjusts the balance of the field to align the terminal so that the signal received by the receiver is a maximum.

[0088] The core in the cable 25 in the right hand terminus in FIG. 9 preferably has been aligned already before the above alignment procedure is started. Thus, the cable 25 and its terminus can be used as a “standard” to provide alignment of the cores of many different termini like terminus 20. Alternatively, the cable 25 can be an actual piece of cable to which a coupling is desired to be made.

[0089] Although the use of a controllable rotating magnetic field has been described as the preferred device for adjusting the core position, other variable magnetic field generating devices also can be used, as long as they produce variable fields in at least two orthogonal directions, so as to enable the positioning of the core in a wide variety of locations in the x-y plane.

Splicing

[0090]FIG. 8 illustrates the use of the invention splicing fiber-optic cables together.

[0091] Unlike easily releasable couplers such as those described above, splices are intended to make a permanent connection between two cables. Therefore, they are less susceptible to problems such as dirt, etc., which plague releasable connectors, and beam expanders and collimators often are not needed.

[0092] Illustrated in FIG. 8 is a process which is used to splice two cables 88 and 90 together. First, a short length of cladding and exterior coating is removed from the end of each cable, such as shown at 92 and 94, and the core ends are cleaved, using conventional cleaving equipment and methods.

[0093] A transparent plastic or glass sleeve 105 is provided. It has an access hole as shown at 108. The interior diameter of the sleeve 105 is substantially larger than the outside diameter of the cables 88 and 90 so as to give the end of one or both of the cables room to move laterally in aligning the ends together. The cable 88 is held immobile by a V-block 98 and clamping device 102, and the other cable 90 is held by a similar block 100 and clamping device 104. The ends 92 and 94 are inserted into the sleeve 105 with the ends near but not touching one another.

[0094] In one embodiment of the splicing method, magnetically permeable sleeve 106 surrounds and is attached to the outside of the sleeve 105 at one end of the sleeve 105.

[0095] In performing the splice, the rotating magnetic field generator 110 is positioned around the sleeve 106 as shown in FIG. 8, and the controls of FIG. 9 and the signal generator 120 and receiver 122 of that Figure are used as described above to position the cores 92 and 94 in alignment with one another.

[0096] The mechanism by means of which this is done is that when the sleeve 106 is moved laterally by the magnetic field, it bears against the cable 90 which causes it to flex and to move the end 94.

[0097] Prior to the alignment, light-curable epoxy resin is injected as indicated at 114 through the hole 108 to fill the interior of the sleeve 105 around the ends of the two cables. When alignment has been reached, or before, if desired, a light source, indicated by the arrows 112 is energized to irradiate the epoxy and cure it. At the end of the process, the splice has been completed by solidly encapsulating the cable ends after alignment.

[0098] A second method for performing the alignment process during splicing also is illustrated in FIG. 8. Instead of the sleeve 106, the magnetic torroid 38, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, is located around the end of one of the cables. Then, the rotating magnetic field source 110 is positioned around the member 38 and operated until the cables are aligned, in the manner disclosed above.

[0099] In this method it may be desirable to mechanically locate the other cable end approximately in the center of the sleeve before the alignment process and curing of epoxy steps are performed.

[0100] In either event, the cable ends can be aligned quickly, easily and accurately in the field.

Ritchey-Chretien Optical System

[0101]FIGS. 10 and 11 are enlarged schematic views of the light paths of a typical Ritchey-Chretien system similar to that shown in FIG. 1. This system is characterized by the fact that the light source shown in FIG. 10 is not on axis with the large mirror. Therefore, there is no insertion loss due to the hole in the large mirror required in the Cassegrainian system described above. Thus, the Ritchey-Chretien system has its own merits and is useful in many circumstances. However, the spreading of the beam using such a system is less than in the Cassegrainian system, and it is believed that the Cassegrainian system is somewhat easier to manufacture.

[0102] As it is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the light rays 128 exiting from the output of the cable 24 are reflected off of a slightly curved reflector 126 which reflects the rays along lines 134 to a slightly curved large reflector 132. The curvature of that surface is hyperbolic or otherwise curved and is calculated to produce parallel reflected rays 136 over the vertical area 138, shown in FIG. 10.

[0103] As it is shown in FIG. 11, the area occupied by the rays 136 is approximately circular, as is the reflector area 132.

[0104] Again, the optical system shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 can be fabricated by molding a block out of optical glass or plastic and metal-coating the surfaces 126 and 132 by vapor deposition or sputtering, etc., to produce the reflecting surfaces. Thus, this optical system also is relatively less expensive than prior beam-expanding termini.

Alternative Optical Systems

[0105] Optical systems other than Cassegranian and Ritchey-Chretien systems can be used. An example is a Gregorian system, which is like a Cassegrainian system except that the Gregorian system uses a different-shaped first reflecting surface. Other known varieties also can be used.

Multi-Channel Connector

[0106]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of one terminus of a multi-channel connector. A plurality of fiber-optic cables (12 in this case) 20 are inserted into V-grooves 86 in a cog-wheel shaped support member 83 which has a central through-hole 84. A clear plastic or glass sleeve 78 fits around the outside of the termini 20 and holds them securely in the grooves 86. A clear disc 80 of fused silica or sapphire forms a window which is secured to the end of the housing 78. This provides a flat surface against which the connector termini 20 fit.

[0107] A central metal pin 82 with a notch 85 in one end fits into the hole 84 and the hole through the center of the disc 80.

[0108] The pin 82 serves to align the terminus with a similar, and the notched end 85 provides for proper angular alignment of the two termini with respect to one another.

[0109] Preferably, the individual cable termini 20 are potted in place after being assembled as shown in FIG. 7.

Preferred Embodiment

[0110]FIG. 12 shows the preferred coupler 150 coupling two of the preferred termini 152 together. In basic principle, the coupler 150 and the termini 152 are essentially the same as those shown in FIG. 5. However, the curvatures of the reflectors are closer to those which would exist in actual products. Also, there are various improvements that facilitate manufacturing, durability, etc.

[0111] As in the FIG. 5 coupler, two fiber-optic cables 24 and 31 are coupled together.

[0112] Each terminus 152 includes a ferrule 154 (see FIG. 15). The ferrule 154 includes a reflector unit cavity 156 with a ledge 158 forming a seat for a reflector unit 178.

[0113] Slightly smaller in diameter is a cavity 160 into which a magnetically permeable alignment member 172 fits. Another chamber 162 still narrower in diameter, connects the chamber 160 with a small passageway 164 slightly larger than the diameter of the cable portion 28 fitting through it.

[0114] The ferrule has a flange 166, a section 168 of smaller diameter and an elongated barrel 170 complete the ferrule structure.

[0115] Referring again to FIG. 12, the magnetic member 172 is generally toroidal, like the member 38 shown in FIG. 1. It is smaller in diameter at its right end 174 than at its left end 175. Also, it has a relatively large frustro-conical entrance 176 for guiding the cable through its central hole. Overall, the largest diameter of the member 172, at its left end, is only slightly smaller than that of the chamber 160 into which it fits. This serves the purpose of roughly centering the member 172 in the cavity 160, whereas the smaller right end has more room to move, if needed, in order to align the cable core properly.

[0116] The large, tapered entrance ensures the cable end will pass through the center hole of the member 172.

[0117] The reflector unit 178 is basically the same as each reflector unit 41 a or 41 b shown in FIG. 5, except that the curvature of the large reflector is much less than the curvature shown in FIG. 5.

[0118] In addition, as shown in FIG. 13, the reflective coating 180 for the large reflector does not cover as much of the exterior of the reflector. Instead, a central circular area 182 of substantial size is left uncoated. Also, the area 182 is flat so as to minimize variations in spacing between the cable end and the reflector unit as the cable end moves to achieve alignment, and to prevent damage to the reflective coating 180.

[0119] The diameter of the uncoated area 182 is approximately the same as the diameter of the small reflector. Thus, the only losses caused by the uncoated area 182 are those inherent in the Cassegranian design.

[0120] The bumpers 48 preferably are attached permanently (by epoxy, e.g.) to the rear surface of the small reflector in each of the reflector units 178. When the two termini 152 are butted against one another end-to-end, as shown in FIG. 12, the bumpers 48 are the lead contact points between the two termini. They are preferably made of relatively pliable plastic so as to minimize the transmission of shock through the reflector bodies.

[0121] The coupler 150 comprises a cylindrical body 184 cut away at 186, 187, etc., to form a central section whose internal dimensions are closely matched to the outside diameter “D” (see FIG. 15) of the front portion of the ferrule 154, thereby holding the two termini accurately in alignment with oneanother.

[0122] Four spring arms or fingers 186 with hooks at the end are formed at each end of the coupler 150.

[0123] When the termini 152 are inserted into the ends of the coupler 150 and pushed together, the spring arms ride over the flange 166 and snap downwardly with the hook engaging the outside surfaces of the flanges to hold the two termini together firmly and securely.

[0124] The material of the coupler 150 can be thermoplastic, metal, or other material suited to the specific purpose and environment in which the coupler is to be used.

[0125] The construction of the coupler 150 is merely one example of the many different forms the mechanical structure of the coupler can take.

Preferred Manufacturing Method

[0126]FIGS. 15 through 17 illustrate the preferred manufacturing method for making one terminus 152.

[0127] Referring to FIG. 15, first, the alignment member 172 is inserted into the cavity 160. Next, the metal wall of the terminus around the cavity 156 is heated, as indicated at 188 to a moderate temperature above room temperature so as to moderately expand the dimensions of the chamber. Then, the reflector unit 48 is inserted into the cavity 156, and the partially assembled terminus is cooled. This provides a shrink fit to mount the reflector unit 178 in the ferrule securely.

[0128] Now referring to FIG. 16, with the ferrule 154 inverted from the position shown in FIG. 15, liquid epoxy resin is injected into the cavity 160 containing the alignment member 172. The chamber is filled with epoxy up to a level indicated at 192, which just covers the member 172 completely. Preferably, the liquid has a low viscosity, like that of water, and it is injected in a pre-measured quantity through a slim tube indicated schematically at 190, which is inserted into the ferrule briefly during filling, and then removed.

[0129] Now referring to FIG. 17, next, the cable end, which has been stripped and cleaved, is inserted into the ferrule until the cable end is very close to the flat area 182 on the reflector unit 178. Then, a rotating magnetic field is applied around the element 172, as indicated at 196, and as more fully described above, while diffuse white light is shined into the cable to send a signal 198 to a receiver and equipment to determine the position at which the signal is maximum, all as described above. Light is sent into the unit, as indicated at 194, through the reflector unit 178.

[0130] The light that is applied at 194 does double duty. It irradiates the light-curable epoxy resin in the cavity 160, and solidifies it just as the cable reaches proper alignment, and also creates the signal 198 used for alignment purposes. This procedure is believed to require only a few seconds to perform.

[0131] The manufacturing process is relatively simple, fast and inexpensive, and produces a superior coupling and termini.

Definition of Terms

[0132] Certain of the terms used above in this specification bear definition, for the purposes of this patent application.

[0133] The term “light” as used in this patent application is intended to include electro-magnetic radiation other than visible light. It specifically includes infrared and ultraviolet radiation and other electromagnetic radiation in the electro-magnetic spectrum near the spectral range of the radiation mentioned above.

[0134] The term “fiber-optic cable” includes both single-mode and multiple-mode cable, even though the example described is a single-mode cable. It also includes “hollow-core” fiber-optic cable in which light is conducted through the air as a central conductor.

[0135] The term “in the field” is used to refer to work done outside of a laboratory, factory or other such facility. It is envisioned that the processes described here as being performable “in the field” would include those capable of being performed in mobile repair trucks, in the customer's place of business, etc. Under emergency conditions the term also might include repairs made in the open air.

[0136] “Radiation-curable” materials usable in the invention include epoxy resins and similar substances curable by exposure to ultra-violet, infra-red, gamma or other radiation.

[0137] The term “reflector unit” includes not only the specific Ritchey-Chretien and Cassegrainian systems, but similar reflecting system which have been found useful in telescopes or similar optical devices.

[0138] The above description of the invention is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes or modifications in the embodiments described may occur to those skilled in the art. These can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A terminus for a fiber-optic cable, said terminus comprising: a first body member for supporting a fiber-optic conductor having a terminal end and holding said conductor with said terminal end in a predetermined position; a first reflector secured to said first body member and positioned to receive and reflect light rays emitted from said terminal end; and a second reflector secured to said first body member and positioned to receive light rays reflected from said first reflector and to project them in a collimated beam of a diameter substantially larger than the beam of light rays emitted from said terminal end.
 2. A device as in claim 1 in which said first reflector is a convex surface of revolution and said second reflector is a concave surface of revolution, said surfaces having a common axis of rotation, said second reflector having an on-axis aperture with said terminal end of said conductor transmitting light through said aperture and in the direction of said axis towards said first reflector.
 3. A device as in claim 2 in which said first reflector is dimensioned to receive substantially all of the light emitted from said terminal end of said conductor.
 4. A device as in claim 1 in which said reflectors form an optical system selected from the group consisting of a Cassegrainian system, a Gregorian system, and a Ritchey-Chretien system.
 5. A device as in claim 1 in which said reflectors comprise opposed, reflectively-coated surfaces on a block of optically transparent material.
 6. A device as in claim 1 in which said reflectors comprise opposed, reflectively-coated surfaces on a block of optically transparent material, said device including a second body member secured to said first body member, a magnetic member made of magnetically permeable material, said second body member having a chamber with dimensions larger than those of said magnetic member, said magnetic member being located in said chamber and being coupled to said fiber-optic conductor.
 7. A device as in claim 6 in which said magnetic member is generally toroidal with a central hole, has dimensions only slightly smaller than those of said chamber, said central hole having an inlet substantially larger than said hole and conveying to the diameter of said hole, and said fiber-optic conductor extends through said hole.
 8. A device as in claim 6, said chamber having an opening through which a radiation-hardenable resin material can be introduced into said chamber, said chamber being adapted to admit said radiation.
 9. A device as in claim 6, said chamber containing a quantity of a cured radiation-curable polymer holding said fiber-optic conductor in place in said chamber.
 10. A device as in claim 6 in which said reflectors comprise opposed, reflectively-coated surfaces on a block of optically transparent material, said block comprising a third body member secured to said second body member.
 11. A fiber-optic cable connector comprising an elongated tubular housing with the ends of two fiber-optic cables extending into opposite ends of said housing with their ends adjacent one another, a member made of magnetically permeable material in said housing coupled to at least one of said ends, said housing being capable of admitting curing radiation, and said cable ends being embedded in a quantity of radiation-cured epoxy resin.
 12. A fiber-optic signal coupler comprising: a first support structure for connection to a first fiber-optic cable having a first fiber-optic conductor; a first pair of reflectors on said first support structure for spreading and collimating light received from said first fiber-optic conductor; a second support structure for connection to a second fiber-optic cable having a second fiber-optic conductor; a second pair of reflectors in said second structure for receiving collimated light from said first pair of reflectors and focusing said collimated light onto said second fiber-optic conductor; and a securing structure for securing said first and second support structures and said reflector pairs together in alignment with one another to optically couple said fiber-optic conductors.
 13. A coupler as in claim 1 including a member made of magnetically permeable material coupled adjacent the end of one of said fiber-optic conductors, said member being responsive to a magnetic field source positioned to apply a magnetic field to said member to align the ends of said conductors with one another.
 14. A coupler as in claim 13 said support structures comprising a pair of housings for supporting the ends of said cables, and a radiation-cured material holding said ends in said housings, each of said housings being capable of admitting said radiation.
 15. A coupler as in claim 14 including a signal source and signal detecting means for detecting when said conductors of said cables are aligned.
 16. A coupler as in claim 13 including means for varying the strength of said magnetic field at different circumferential positions around said member to enable movement of said member in a plurality of different directions.
 17. A coupler as in claim 12 in which each of said first and second support structures comprises a housing, and including a member made of magnetically permeable material coupled adjacent the end of one of said fiber-optic conductors inside of said housing, and a magnetic field source positioned to produce a magnetic field around said magnetic member, said field being selectively variable in strength in at least two orthogonal axes to align the ends of said conductors with one another.
 18. A coupler as in claim 12 in which each of said first and said second pairs of reflectors forms an optical system selected from the group consisting of a Cassegrainian or Gregorian and a Ritchey-Chretien optical system.
 19. A coupler as in claim 12, each of said support structures including a block of optically transparent material with each of said pair of reflector surfaces formed on one side wall of said block.
 20. A coupler as in claim 19, each of said support structures including a ferrule, each of said blocks being attached at one end of one of said ferrules, each of said ferrules being adapted to hold one end of one of said conductors to be coupled.
 21. A method for connecting two fiber-optic cables together and aligning with one another the ends of two fiber-optic conductors in said cables, said method comprising: (a) inserting said ends into a housing with a body of magnetically permeable material around at least one of said ends; and (b) magnetically moving said body laterally until said ends are aligned.
 22. A method as in claim 21 including the step of placing in said housing a quantity of curable viscous material, and curing said material to encapsulate said ends in said housing when said ends are aligned.
 23. A method as in claim 22 in which said body of magnetically permeable material is selected from the group consisting of a generally toroidal member in said housing extending around one of said ends, and a cylindrical member on the outside of said housing.
 24. A method of aligning a fiber-optic conductor with a pre-determined target in a fiber-optic cable terminal structure, said method comprising the steps of: (a) holding said cable and said target relative to one another; (b) coupling a member made of magnetically permeable material with an end of said fiber-optic conductor so that movement of said member creates movement of said conductor relative to said target; and (c) subjecting said member to a selectively variable magnetic field and controlling said magnetic field to move said member and said conductor in at least two orthogonal directions to align said conductor with said target.
 25. A method as in claim 24 including the step of fixing the position of said conductor in said terminal structure when alignment is complete.
 26. A method as in claim 25, in which said terminal structure has at least one outside wall, and said member is located inside of said wall, and said fixing step comprises curing a radiation-curable plastic material by applying such radiation from outside of said wall.
 27. A method as in claim 25 in which said plastic material is a light-curable epoxy resin and said fixing step comprises shining light on said plastic material to cure it.
 28. A method as in claim 24 in which the step of subjecting the member to a magnetic field comprises subjecting the member to a rotating magnetic field rotating around said member, in which the center of said field can be adjusted to move said member to a desired location
 29. A method as in claim 24 in which said target is the end of an optical conductor in another fiber-optic cable, and including the step of inserting the ends of both cables into an elongated housing forming said terminal, said magnetic member extending around the outside of said housing adjacent one end of said housing so that said magnetic field cants said housing to move at least one of said cable ends.
 30. A method as in claim 28 including introducing a radiation-curable plastic material into said housing adjacent at least one of said cable ends and, after said cable ends have been aligned with one another, and irradiating said plastic material to cure it, said housing being capable of admitting said radiation in the vicinity of said cable ends.
 31. A method as in claim 24 in which said magnetically permeable member is located inside of said terminal structure and extends around the end of the light conductor of said cable.
 32. A method as in claim 24 in which said target is a light conductor in another fiber-optic cable, and including the step of sending light signals through said cables and detecting the magnitude of said signals, and stopping said alignment process when said magnitude is a maximum.
 33. A method as in claim 32 including the step of fixing the light conductor of at least one of said cables in place to maintain its alignment.
 34. A light beam expanding and collimating optical device, said device comprising a block of optically transmissive material, a pair of reflective surfaces on said block, a first one of said reflective surfaces being smaller than the second one of said surfaces, and being positioned to receive light from a source emitting light beams and reflecting said light beams through said body to said second reflective surface, the shape and locations of said reflective surfaces being such that light beams reflected from said second reflective surface are collimated and are spread over a much greater surface area than the beams from said source.
 35. A device as in claim 34 in which said reflective surfaces are adjacent the surfaces of said block and have reflective coatings to make them reflective.
 36. A device as in claim 34 in which said first surface is a convex hyperboloid, and said second surface is a concave paraboloid with an aperture at its center, and said light source is located on the axis of rotation of said second reflecting surface and directs said beam through said aperture.
 37. A device as in claim 34 in which said second reflective surface is spaced laterally from said light beams emitted from said source.
 38. A device as in claim 34 in which said optical device forms an optical system selected from the group consisting of a Cassegrainian optical system, a Gregorian optical system, and a Ritchey-Chretien optical system.
 39. A method of making a light beam-expanding and collimating optical device, said method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a block of optically transparent material, said block having first and second opposing walls; (b) said first one of said walls being shaped to form a first surface for receiving light beams from a source and, when made reflecting, reflecting said light beams towards the second of said walls; (c) said second of said walls being shaped to form a second surface larger in surface area than said first surface; (d) coating said first and second reflecting surfaces with a reflecting material, and (e) said first and second reflecting surfaces being shaped to cause said second surface to emit expanded collimated light beams.
 40. A method as in claim 39 in which said block is formed by molding optical glass to give it the desired shape.
 41. A method as in claim 39 in which said reflective material is a metal and said coating step is selected from the group consisting of vapor deposition and sputtering.
 42. A method as in claim 39 in which said optical device forms an optical system selected from the group consisting of a Cassegrainian and a Ritchey-Chretien optical system.
 43. A method as in claim 39 including a mounting structure secured to said block at said second reflective surface, said mounting structure having a central aperture for guiding and supporting a fiber-optic light conductor at a position adjacent said second reflective surface.
 44. A method of manufacturing a fiber-optic cable terminus, said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a ferrule with a first chamber for an optical system adjacent one end, and a cable-receiving conduit leading to said first chamber through a second chamber; (b) placing in said second chamber a magnetically permeable member with a central hole for receiving one end of said cable; (c) mounting said optical system in said first chamber; (d) introducing a hardenable liquid into said second chamber; (e) inserting a cable end through said central hole in said magnetically permeable member; (f) applying magnetic forces to said magnetically permeable member to align it with said optical system; and (g) hardening said liquid to fix said cable end in place.
 45. A method as in claim 44 in which said ferrule has a cable inlet opening in the end opposite said one end, and the liquid introducing step comprises injecting the liquid through said cable inlet opening.
 46. A method as in claim 44 in which said step of placing said magnetically permeable member comprises selecting said member to have dimensions only slightly smaller than those of said first chamber to center said member approximately, and selecting said member to have a relatively wide entrance and converging walls to said central hole whereby said cable passes through said hole readily when inserted.
 47. A method as in claim 44 in which said liquid is hardenable by exposure to radiation and said hardening step comprises exposing said liquid to such radiation.
 48. A method as in claim 44 in which said magnetic forces are rotary forces, and including sending a light signal through said cable while applying said forces, detecting when the signal is a maximum, and fixing said cable end by use of said hardening step, at the location at which the maximum signal is detected.
 49. A method as in claim 47 in which said radiation is light, and the ex posing step comprises sending light through said optical system into said liquid. 